|
INTRODUCTION
|
|
|
|
Chapter 1 : POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
|
|
|
THE BASIC IDEAS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE |
AUTHORITY |
THE WORLD AS MATHEMATICAL ORDER |
MAN AS THE MEASURE |
THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY |
THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND HTERARCHY |
DEMOCRACY AND THE SOCIAL COMPACT |
CONSTITUTIONALISM |
THE EMPIRICAL METHOD IN POLITICAL STUDY |
PLEASURE-PAIN AND POLITICS |
A WORLD ORDER: FRATERNITY AND LAW |
EXISTENTIAL POLITICAL ACTIVISM |
IDEAS DERIVED MAINLY FROM THE MIDDLE AGES |
INTROSPECTIVE METHOD |
THEORY OF WORLD HISTORY |
SYSTEMATIC ETHICAL-POLITICAL THEORY |
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT |
EARLY MODERN IDEAS |
VALUE-FREE POLITICAL SCIENCE |
POWER POLITICS |
LIBERTY AND. THE LIBERAL STATE |
THE NEW SCIENCE |
RATIONALISTIC ANALYSIS OF LAW |
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE |
ECONOMIC DETERMINISM |
SOCIOLOGY OF CLASS |
MODELS OF SOCIETY |
THE ELITE |
COMMUNICATIONS |
OPERATIONAL INQUIRY |
UNCONSCIOUS FACTORS IN POLITICAL BEHAVIOR |
THE OBLIGATIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE |
|
|
Chapter 2: THINKING ABOUT POLITICS
|
|
|
THE SCIENCE AND ART OF POLITICS |
POLITICS IS AN ART |
POLITICS AND COMMON SENSE |
SCIENCE NO SUBSTITUTE FOR EXPERIENCE |
SCIENCE MAY BE MISLEADING |
WHAT IS "POLITICAL"? |
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES ARE MINGLED |
MOST POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARE SUBJECT-AREA SPECIALISTS |
EMPHASIS ON SUBJECT-AREAS CRITICIZED |
POLICY SCIENCE |
FACTOR SPECIALIZATION |
WHAT EVENTS FORM THE DATA OF POLITICS? |
THE POLITICAL SCIENTIST AT WORK |
THE GENERAL METHODS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE |
THE TECHNIQUES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE |
PROBLEMS OF LANGUAGE |
CREATIVE THINKING AND ACTING IN POLITICS |
A PRESCRIPTION FOR SOLVING POLITICAL PROBLEMS |
DISSOCIATING FACTS AND DESIRES |
RECOGNIZING DIFFERENCES |
KNOWING INSTITUTIONAL OBSTACLES |
THE CALCULATED RISK |
DEVISING POLITICAL STRATEGY |
CONTINUAL REVISIONS OF GOALS |
|
|
Chapter 3: LEADERS AND FOLLOWERS
|
|
|
THE LEADER: HERO OR PAWN? |
THE "GREAT MAN" THEORY OF HISTORY |
TOLSTOI'S INFINITESIMAL ELEMENTS |
LEADERS ARE BOTH UNIQUE AND TYPICAL |
GREAT AND MINOR LEADERS CAN BE STUDIED TOGETHER |
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEADERSHIP |
TRAITS OF LEADERS |
MOTIVATION OF LEADERS |
CHARISMATIC LEADERS |
DANGERS OF OVEREXTENDING THE ANALYSIS OF CHARISMA |
THE GENERAL SKILLS OF POLITICAL LEADERS |
SKILL IN USING THE INSTRUMENTS OF AUTHORITY |
OCCUPATIONS OF POLITICIANS |
IMPORTANT POLITICAL SKILLS |
SOCIAL CLASS AND POLITICAL MOBILITY |
SOCIAL CLASS AND POLITICAL SKILL |
SOCIAL CLASS DEFINED |
CASTE SYSTEMS |
SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE UNITED STATES |
INFLUENCES UPON POLITICAL MOBILITY |
SOCIAL MOBILITY IN EUROPE |
THE POLITISTS |
THE "IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY" |
POLITISTS NOT A HOMOGENEOUS GROUP |
SIZE OF THE POLITIST GROUP |
AMERICAN POLITISTS |
SPECIAL FUNCTIONAL CONDITIONS OF LEADERSHIP |
THE TOTAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP |
THE PROBLEM OF NUMEROUS CONTRADICTORY LEADER TYPES |
LEADERSHIP PART OF AN INTRAGROUP RELATIONSHIP |
|
|
Chapter 4 : THE COMMUNITY AND SPECIAL INTERESTS
|
|
|
THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY AND CONSENSUS |
THE STATE AND COMMUNITY CONTRASTED |
OVERLAPPING COMMUNITIES |
THE COMMUNITY A NETWORK OF COMMUNICATIONS |
GREAT AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES FORMED BY PHYSICAL INTERDEPENDENCE |
HOW A COMMUNITY ENFORCES CONFORMITY |
THE COMMUNITY SANCTIONS |
THE PUBLIC IS THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY |
THE VARIETY OF PUBLICS |
RELATION OF COMMUNITY BELIEFS TO PUBLIC AFFAIRS |
CHANGING ATTITUDES TOWARDS POLITICAL INSTRUMENTS |
COMMUNITY PROBLEMS AND CONSENSUS |
CONFLICTING LOYALTIES HARM CONSENSUS |
HOW COHESIVE IS THE MODERN GREAT COMMUNITY? |
CONSENSUS AS AGREEMENT ON BASIC PRINCIPLES |
DEWEY'S "HEALTHY" COMMUNITY AS CONSENSUS |
REQUIREMENTS OF COMMUNITY INTEGRATION |
SEPARATISM AND VOTING BEHAVIOR |
SUBCOMMUNITY AFFILIATIONS (SEPARATISM) |
TRADITION |
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION |
STATISTICAL TRADITION |
LOCALISM |
ECONOMIC FORCES |
IN EUROPE, SOCIAL GROUPINGS MORE MEANINGFUL |
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON VOTING BEHAVIOR |
NATIONALITY AND RACE |
SEX |
PUBLIC OPINION |
RELATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC |
PUBLIC OPINION NOT CONSENSUS |
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC OPINION |
SIX DIMENSIONS OF PUBLIC OPINION |
THE NUMBER OF VARIANT BELIEFS |
POSITION OF SOCIAL GROUPS ON THE ISSUE |
INTENSITY OF CONVICTION |
NUMBERS OF ADHERENTS TO A BELIEF |
ORGANIZATION AND CRITICAL CONTROLS |
PATTERNS OF PUBLIC OPINION ARE UNSTABLE |
THE MAJORITY |
MAJORITIES AS SIMPLE OPINIONS |
THE MAJORITY AS A WAY OF RESOLVING ISSUES |
EMPLOYMENT OF OTHER PRINCIPLES OF RESOLVING ISSUES |
BEYOND OPINION AND EXPEDIENCY |
MEDIEVAL THEORY OF THE MAJORITY |
IS THE MAJORITY OMNICOMPETENT? |
MAJORITY AS COURT OF LAST RESORT |
THE MAJORITY IS MORE THAN OPINION OR MERE EXPEDIENT |
|
|
Chapter 5 : REPRESENTATION AND ELECTIONS
|
|
|
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT |
ANCIENT REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT |
IMPORTANCE OF MIDDLE AGES TO REPRESENTATION |
CONVOKING THE COMMONS |
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT BY AN OLIGARCHY |
ADVENT OF MODERN REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT |
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF REPRESENTATION AND ELECTIONS TODAY |
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE |
PROPERTY AND TAX QUALIFICATIONS |
SEX |
NATIONALITY AND RACE |
EDUCATION |
CITIZENSHIP |
RESIDENCE |
ABSENTEE VOTING |
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPITAL CITIES |
AGE |
PLURAL VOTING |
MISCELLANEOUS RESTRICTIONS |
SUFFRAGE NEARLY UNIVERSAL |
VOTING AND NONVOTING |
SITUATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION |
COMPULSORY VOTING |
RESTRICTIONS ON THE MEANING AND POWER OF THE VOTE |
HISTORICALLY, THE SUFFRAGE BROUGHT CHANGES |
ELECTIONS CALL THE PUBLIC AND OFFICERS TO ATTENTION |
THE BALLOT |
ELECTION ADMINISTRATION |
AMERICAN AND SOVIET SYSTEMS COMPARED |
THE USE OF ELECTION FORMS TO ACHIEVE VALUES |
THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONSTITUENCIES |
APPORTIONMENT BY GOVERNMENTAL BOUNDARIES |
APPORTIONMENT BY TERRITORIAL SURVEY |
OFFICIAL BODIES |
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS |
FREE APPORTIONMENT BY VOLUNTARY CONSTITUENCIES |
"ROTTEN BOROUGHS" |
GERRYMANDERING |
BALLOTING PROCESS: MAJORITY AND PLURALITY |
FORCING A MAJORITY EXPRESSION |
MINORITY REPRESENTATION THROUGH BALLOTING ARRANGEMENTS |
MINORITY REPRESENTATION: THE CUMULATIVE VOTE |
MINORITY REPRESENTATION: P.R. BY THE SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE |
MINORITY REPRESENTATION: LIST SYSTEM OF P.R. |
EFFECTS OF MAJORITY AND MINORITY SYSTEMS |
RECONVERSION OF ELECTIONS TO "TOWN MEETINGS" |
POLITICAL PARTIES AND THEIR REGULATION |
|
|
Chapter 6 : THE POLITICAL PARTY
|
|
|
THE HISTORY AND TYPES OF PARTIES |
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL FACTIONALISM |
CHANGING TECHNIQUES OF FACTIONS |
BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH PARTIES |
MODERN PARTIES BEGIN IN AMERICA |
THE MASS PARTY OF JEFFERSON |
SIGNIFICANCE OF UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE |
ADVENT OF CLASS PARTIES |
MAX WEBER ON PARTIES |
THE GUIDING THEMES OF PARTY LIFE |
NATIONALISTIC PARTIES |
PARTIES FOUNDED ON NONBASIC ISSUES |
PARTIES INSPIRED BY POLITICAL AND MORAL IDEAS |
THE AMERICAN TWO-PARTY SYSTEM |
STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS OF TWO PARTIES |
TWO-PARTY PSYCHOLOGY |
DECENTRALIZATION OF AMERICAN PARTIES |
THE POLITICIAN AND ISSUES |
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PARTY SYSTEM |
CONGRESS HAS STRONG LOCAL INTERESTS |
INTEGRATED STATE ORGANIZATIONS POSSIBLE |
THE PARTY MACHINES |
THE PRECINCT CAPTAINS |
HETEROGENEITY OF AMERICAN PARTIES |
PARTY DIFFERENCES AS SEEN BY POLITICIANS |
CLASS AND CHARISMATIC PARTIES |
CLASS PARTIES |
THE ENGLISH LABOUR PARTY |
STRIKING ISSUES RAISED |
SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF LABOUR PARTY |
PARTY INTEGRATION AND CENTRALIZATION ARE STRONG |
THE LABOUR PARTY CONFERENCE |
THE PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR PARTY |
CHARISMATIC PARTIES |
DE GAULLE AND FRANCE |
WHEN A PARTY IS NO PARTY |
A DECISIVE GOVERNMENT DEMANDED |
R.P.F.'S DECLINE AND DE GAULLE'S RISE |
RELIGIOUS AND ELITE PARTIES |
RELIGIOUS PARTIES |
WHENCE COME THE NEW RELIGIOUS PARTIES |
THE ITALIAN CHRISTIAN-DEMOCRATS |
IMPELLING PARTY MOTIVATION |
PARTIES OF THE ELITE |
THE SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY |
COMMUNIST PARTY MONOPOLIZES POLITICAL CHANCES |
SOCIAL COMPOSITION |
OLIGARCHIC INFLUENCES AND PARTY TRENDS |
OLIGARCHICAL INFLUENCES IN PARTIES |
TRENDS IN THE POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM |
EXECUTIVE BRANCH OBTAINING STRONGER CONTROL OF PARTIES |
UNITED STATES SYSTEM STILL RESISTS TREND |
PARTY DIRECTOR'S INCREASING CONTROL OVER MACHINERY |
PARTIES GROWING CLOSER TO THE GOVERNMENT |
PARTIES MUST SEEK INCREASINGLY SOLID GROUP SUPPORT |
|
|
Chapter 7 : PRESSURE GROUPS
|
|
|
PRESSURE GROUPS PART OF THE STRUGGLE OVER VALUES |
PRESSURE GROUPS IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL SYSTEMS |
THREE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF PRESSURES |
INDIVIDUAL INFLUENCE IN POLITICS |
SELF-INTEREST IN POLITICS |
ANY INTERESTED INDIVIDUAL CAN EXERT MUCH INFLUENCE |
PRESSURES CAN BE GOOD OR BAD |
POLITICAL HISTORY IS COLORED BY UNENDING PERSONAL INTRIGUE |
USE OF MONEY TO INFLUENCE OFFICIALS AND PUBLIC |
THE USE OF OFFICE FOR PECUNIARY GAIN |
SALE OF OFFICES |
SOLICITATION OF MONEY FOR POLITICAL USE |
USE OF MONEY |
DIFFICULTY OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP PRESSURES |
ORIGINS OF PRESSURE GROUPS |
THE LOBBY AND PRESSURE GROUPS |
PRIMITIVE LOBBYING TECHNIQUES |
TRANSFORMATION OF LOBBIES |
NUMBER OF LOBBIES LARGE TODAY |
THE CHIEF NATIONAL LOBBIES AND GROUPINGS |
BUSINESS INTERESTS ARE NOT UNIFIED INTERNALLY |
CERTAIN CENTRALIZED TENDENCIES EXIST |
EUROPEAN BUSINESS PRESSURE |
CLEAVAGES AMONG UNIONS |
AMERICAN LABOR LESS ACTIVE IN POLITICS THAN EUROPEAN |
MAJOR FARM ORGANIZATIONS |
VETERANS ORGANIZATIONS |
REFORM LOBBIES |
TECHNIQUES OF MODERN LOBBIES |
TECHNIQUES OF MODERN LOBBIES |
FAVORITE LABOR PRESSURE TACTICS |
FARM INFLUENCE ABETTED BY CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS TO GOVERNMENT |
ORGANIZED PRESSURES INEVITABLE TODAY |
POPULAR FALLACIES REGARDING LOBBIES |
LEGAL REPRESENTATION OF INTERESTS |
INTEREST GROUPS' QUASI-OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS |
ROLE OF ESTATES IN MEDIEVAL TIMES |
THE GILDS |
REVOLUTIONS DESTROYED ESTATES AND GILD SYSTEMS |
RESULTS OF PURE INDIVTDUALISM |
COMMUNISM AND SYNDICALISM |
MODERN UNIONS AND GILDS COMPARED |
PROFESSIONAL INTEREST REPRESENTATION |
THE NEW PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS |
CORPORATISM |
FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION |
U. S. A. INHOSPITABLE TO FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION |
SIGNIFICANCE OF DEPRESSION AND WAR EXPERIMENTS |
|
|
Chapter 8 : CIVIL CONFLICT AND WAR
|
|
|
FORCE AND VIOLENCE |
WHEN IS COERCION LEGITIMATE |
VIOLENT CONFLICTS AMONG ORGANS OF STATE |
PHYSICAL COERCION DEFINED |
POLITICS COMPOUNDED OF COERCION AND OTHER MEANS |
CHILDHOOD TRAINING IN COERCION |
THE OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL COERCION |
MOTIVES OF COERCION USUALLY PLURAL |
COERCION FOR ECONOMIC ENDS |
CLASS WARFARE AND SOCIAL STATUS |
COERCION FOR SAFETY AND PROTECTION |
POWER AS AN AIM OF COERCION |
DESTRUCTIVENESS AS A ROOT OF COERCION |
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF DESTRUCTIVENESS |
OTHER THEORIES OF DESTRUCTIVENESS |
THE LARGER PATTERNS OF COERCION |
COERCION ASSUMES TYPICAL FORMS |
WARFARE AND REVOLUTIONS NOT DYING OUT |
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PRINCIPLES OF VIOLENCE |
PATTERNS OF THE COUP D'ETAT |
CHARACTER OF REVOLUTIONARIES |
REVOLUTION IS A MORE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE |
AN ORGANIZED FORCE LIES BEHIND REVOLUTIONS |
GROUP MOTIVES NECESSARY FOR REVOLUTIONS |
CLASS REVOLUTIONS |
NATIONALITIES AND CIVIL STRIFE |
REGIONAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS |
WHAT FORCES CAUSE REVOLUTION TODAY |
RELATIONS BETWEEN REVOLUTION AND WAR |
THE ELEMENTS OF NATIONALISM |
THE DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF NATIONALISM |
THE CAUSES OF WAR SUMMARIZED |
CLOSE RELATION OF WAR POLICY TO PEACE POLICY |
THE PRECIPITATION OF WARS |
FACTORS IN THE ABILITY TO WIN WARS |
THE BROAD MEANING OF PREPAREDNESS |
THE EFFECTS AND LIMITS OF PHYSICAL COERCION |
THE OUTRIGHT REJECTION OF COERCION |
NONVIOLENCE AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE |
COERCION, LIKE OTHER POLITICAL WEAPONS, IS LIMITED |
COERCION SOMETIMES SUCCEEDS |
FORCE AND VIOLENCE OFTEN IN DISREPUTE |
COERCION OFTEN WASTEFUL AND CRUDE |
|
|
Chapter 9 : THINKING ABOUT DEMOCRACY |
|
|
BASIC QUESTIONS OF VALUES |
GREAT MORALISTS DIFFER OVER THE "GOOD" |
GREAT SCIENTISTS DIFFER OVER HUMAN NATURE |
MORAL PROPAGANDISTS OFTEN MASQUERADE AS POLITICAL SCIENTISTS |
SCIENCE CANNOT SAY WHAT DEMOCRACY "OUGHT TO BE" |
YET THEORIES OF ETHICS AND SCIENCE ARE BASICALLY RELATED |
THE SOCIAL SETTING OF DEMOCRACY |
THE SEARCH FOR DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES |
GENERAL FREEDOM OF ACTION AND SPEECH |
UPLIFTING THE COMMON PEOPLE |
CONSTITUTIONALISM AND DISPERSAL OF CONTROLS |
HIGH SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOBILITY |
HIGH LEVEL OF PERSONAL DISCONTENT |
UNDERVALUATION OF POLITICAL LEADERS |
EMPHASIS ON EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC MEASURES |
IS DEMOCRACY ULTIMATELY DEPENDENT ON WELL-BEING |
THE FOUR MORAL POSITIONS IN DEMOCRACY |
THE FOUR MORAL POSITIONS OF THOUGHT AND ACTION |
THE TECHNIQUE OF STUDYING MORAL POSITIONS |
THESE MORAL POSITIONS UNIVERSAL, NOT ONLY DEMOCRATIC |
EGALITARIAN DEMOCRACY |
SCIENTIFIC DIFFICULTIES OF THE EGALITARIAN POSITION |
MORAL DIFFICULTIES OF THE EGALITARIAN POSITION |
THE POLITICAL DEMANDS OF EGALITARIANISM |
CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRACY |
SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CONSERVATISM |
CONSERVATIVE IDEA ESSENTIAL TO SCIENCE AND MORALITY |
BURKE'S CONSERVATISM |
ELITIST DEMOCRACY |
ELITISM INESCAPABLE IN SCIENCE |
A PRIMITIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE FAVORS ELITISM |
HOW ELITISTS ARE FAVORED |
BUT ELITES HAVE NEVER BEEN SECURE |
DEMOCRATIC ELITISTS |
RELATIVIST DEMOCRACY |
RELATIVISM CONNECTED WITH A MONEY SOCIETY |
MADISON'S VIEW OF SOCIETY |
THE "OPEN SOCIETY" VERSUS PLANNING |
DEMOCRACY AS A WHOLE |
VARIETIES OF DEMOCRATIC THOUGHT ARE INTERDEPENDENT |
DEMOCRACY AN EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSED OF CONTRADICTIONS |
APPLIED DEMOCRACY MOST DIFFICULT OF ALL SCIENCES |
DEMOCRACY AND SCIENCE INTERDEPENDENT |
DEMOCRACY NOT A UNITARY WHOLE |
|
|
Chapter 10 : LIBERTY AND PUBLIC POLICY |
|
|
RIGHTS, LIBERTY, RESTRAINTS, AND PLANS |
A RIGHT IS PROTECTED BY LAW |
SOMETIMES COMMUNITY CUSTOMS MODIFY A RIGHT |
THE COURTS MORE FREQUENTLY ACT AS GUARANTORS |
A LIBERTY OR FREEDOM IS BROADER THAN A RIGHT |
VICTORIOUS LIBERTIES BECOME RIGHTS |
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RESTRAINTS |
A POLICY IS A COLLECTIVE LIBERTY |
RELATIONS OF PLANNING TO POLICY |
THE GENERAL RELATIONS OF LIBERTY, RESTRAINTS, POLICIES, AND PLANS |
RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL POLICIES |
DIFFERENCE HINGES ON FOREKNOWLEDGE OF CONSEQUENCES |
RATIONALITY IS WITH REFERENCE TO THE DESIRES OF THE ACTOR |
OMNISCIENT PLANS DO NOT EXIST |
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF POLICY |
INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY ON POLITICALLY RELEVANT MATTERS |
LIBERTY AND PUBLIC POLICY |
PRIVATE GROUP POLICY |
POLICY BY PUBLIC JURISDICTIONS |
WHAT JURISDICTION SHALL MAKE POLICY |
THE GOALS OF POLICY |
COMPLEXITY OF MOTIVES |
"LEGISLATIVE WILL" A USEFUL FICTION |
PROPAGANDA STRUGGLES REGARDING GOALS |
ORGANIZING THE POLICY FUNCTION WITHIN JURISDICTIONS |
LEGISLATURES INDIFFERENT TO PLANNING |
EXECUTIVE POLICY METHODS MORE PLANNED |
RELATION OF STAFF PLANS TO OPERATIONS |
WHEN A POLICY METHOD BECOMES A PLAN |
COMMON NEGLECT OF CONSEQUENCES IN POLICY AND PLANNING |
IMPROVED SCIENCE OF PLANNING A VITAL NEED |
|
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY
|
|
|
|
FOOTNOTES
|
|
|